Chapter 11 Vocabulary

Genetics: The study of the patterns of inheritance of specific traits.

http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hdfdz51iSnyUwgB9s7rxy9LVZiIw


True Breeding: Organisms of the same certain trait are bread.


http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa100903a.htm


Trait: A qualitative characteristic.


http://www.uni.edu/walsh/genetics.html


Hybrid: An offspring of parents from different species or sub-species.


http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/h/hybrid_genetics.asp


Gene: The unit of inheritance that occupies a specific locus on a chromosome.


http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/NIH/gene03.html


Allele: Any one of a series of two or more different genes that occupy the same position (locus) on a chromosome.


Listen to a detailed explanation.


Segregation: Separation from a mass, and gathering about centers or into cavities at hand through cohesive attraction or the crystallizing process.


http://www.ndsu.edu/instruct/mcclean/plsc431/mendel/mendel1.htm


Gamete: Specialized haploid cells produced by meiosis and involved in sexual reproduction.


http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html


Probability: Likelihood of the occurrence of any event in the doctrine of chances.


http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_2.htm


Punnett Square: A type of table that can indicate all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross can be displayed by studying the genetic make up of the parents and gametes.


http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/Science/sciber00/7th/genetics/sciber/punnett.htm


Homozygous: Containing two copies of the same allele--an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait.


http://foxtrotters.tripod.com/homozy.htm


Heterozygous: Containing two different alleles of the same gene or trait.


Listen to a detailed explanation.


Phenotype : An organisms total physical appearance and constitution.The phenotype is produced by the interaction of the genotype and the environment.


http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/358/6/592


Genotype: The genetic Constitution of an organism or cell, as distinct from its expressed features or phenotype/ genetic makeup of an organism.


http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Genotype


Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., such as the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, the antigen and its specific antibody, the allelic chromosomes.











Diploid: A cell with a full set of genetic material, consisting of chromosomes in homologous pairs and thus having two copies of each autosomal geneti locus.



http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050254&ct=1



Haploid: Describes a nucleus, cell or organism possessing a single set of unpaired chromosomes.


http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss6/haploid.html


Meiosis: Specialised form of nuclear Division in which there two successive nuclear divisions (meiosis i and II) without any chromosome replication.



http://www.biology.arizona.edu/CELL_BIO/tutorials/meiosis/main.html


Tetrad: Four closely associated chromatids of a homologous pair.





http://www.usask.ca/biology/rank/316/tetrad/tetrad.htm



Crossing-Over: The breaking during meiosis of one maternal and one paternal chromosome.




http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Genetic_Recombination.html



Gene Map: The array of genes on the y chromosome.



http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/mapping.html

Questions

Page: 243
1. One reason for cell division is to replace old cell with new ones. Another reason is to repair other damaged cells.
2. The DNA in a cell is like a library in that it contains a lot of important information.
3. The solution to problems in cell growth is making a daughter cell with the same genetic information.
4. As a cell increases in size the surface area increases more rapidly than its volume.
5. 1:24

Page: 249
1. The main events of the cell cycle are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Antaphase, Telephase, Cytokenesis.
2.During Interphase the cells DNA is replicated. During Prophphase chromatin condenses into chromosomes. During Metaphse the chromosomes line up with the cells equator. During Anaphase the chromosomes separate. During Telephase two new membranes are formed. During Cytokinesis the two cell separate.
3. During Interphase the cell is replicating DNA chromosomes cannot be seen in this stage.
4. Chromosomes are made of chromatin.
5. Prokaryotic cells divide simple by separating.6. Plant cells and animals cells complete cytokinesis similarly by separating the cytoplasm and nucleus. In animal cells the cytoplasm is simply pinched off, but in plant cells. The cell plate gust forms in the middle of the two new cells.

Page: 252
1. The chemical that regulates the cell cycle is cyclin. It works by timing the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
2. When a cell does not respond to the signals of cyclin it does not progress in the cell cycle so the cells form tumors.
3. Cells respond to other cells by stopping growth.4. Cancer is a disease of the cell cycle because. It stops the cell from receiving proteins and damages the tissue around it
.5. If you injected a cell during mitosis. Then the cell cycle could speed up or stop because. Cyclin regulates the timing of the cell cycle in cells.

Page: 257
1. volume
2. two daughter cells
3. centiole
4. 6
5. chromatids
6. prophase
7. metaphase
8. cyclin
9. proceed and stop the cycle
10. cancer

Vocabulary

• Anaphase-the stage in mitosis or meiosis following metaphase in which the daughter chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell.
• Cancer-a malignant and invasive growth or tumor, esp. one originating in epithelium, tending to recur after excision and to metastasize to other sites.
• Cell Cycle-the usual method of cell division, characterized typically by the resolving of the chromatin of the nucleus into a threadlike form, which condenses into chromosomes, each of which separates longitudinally into two parts, one part of each chromosome being retained in each of two new cells resulting from the original cell.
• Cell Division-the division of a cell in reproduction or growth.
• Centriole-a small, cylindrical cell organelle, seen near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, that divides in perpendicular fashion during mitosis, the new pair of centrioles moving ahead of the spindle to opposite poles of the cell as the cell divides: identical in internal structure to a basal body.
• Centromere-a specialized structure on the chromosome, appearing during cell division as the constricted central region where the two chromatids are held together and form an X shape.
• Chromatid-ither of the two daughter strands of a replicated chromosome that are joined by a single centromere and separate during cell division to become individual chromosomes.
• Cyclin-. A class of proteins that fluctuate in concentration at specific points during the cell cycle and that regulate the cycle by binding to a kinase.
• Cytokinesis-the division of the cell cytoplasm that usually follows mitotic or meiotic division of the nucleus.
• Interphase-the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions.
• Metaphase-the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle.
• Mitosis-the usual method of cell division, characterized typically by the resolving of the chromatin of the nucleus into a threadlike form, which condenses into chromosomes, each of which separates longitudinally into two parts, one part of each chromosome being retained in each of two new cells resulting from the original cell.
• Prophase-the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes.
• Spindle-a spindle-shaped structure, composed of microtubules, that forms near the cell nucleus during mitosis or meiosis and, as it divides, draws the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.
• Telophase-the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes.